PPPs can foster infrastructure development in Africa and represent attractive investment opportunities for businesses. However, companies must be patient and demonstrate an continuous commitment to the countries hosting them.

The numerous success stories demonstrate that the perceived risk of investing in Africa is much higher than the real risk.

If protectionism can foster industrialization in Africa, measures must be finely tuned so as not to be counterproductive or detrimental to consumers.

To improve public finances, African states need to diversify their economies, foster the emergence of strong local financial institutions, and increase tax collection rates.

To resist in the middle of the price wars that sometimes occur in capacity-based industries, such as the flour mill or the cement industries, companies can focus on non-cost competitiveness and on downstream integration.

The overhaul of the African health sector is a monumental challenge. It is up to the States to invest massively, with discernment and method, and up to the private sector to support their action, by inventing innovative solutions fit for continent.

The successes of Morocco, Mauritius and Ethiopia, which are mainly based on long periods of political stability and the diversity of their economies, can inspire other countries of the continent.

Investing in public transports, developing new roads, densifying inhabited areas, etc. many solutions exist to face the colossal challenge of urban development in Africa.

While the potential of renewable energies in Africa is immense, there is still a major challenge: integrating intermittent energies into power grids that do not tolerate instability.

To regain market shares on the African continent, French companies should adopt a three-pronged approach: innovation, frugality and Africanization